- Authorship
The Brighton Collaboration Authorship guidelines are based on the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals established by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors1.
- Authorship
1.1. Authorship is the primary mechanism to determine the allocation of credit for scientific advances and thus is the primary basis for assessing a scientist’s contributions to developing new knowledge. Allocation of credit refers to the listing of names of all participants in the communication of their work to scientific colleagues. Authorship is based on a significant contribution to the conceptualization, design or process, and development, evaluation or implementation of findings, i.e., case definitions and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation. It requires willingness to assume responsibility and support the general conclusions.
1.2. All persons designated as authors should qualify for authorship, and all those who qualify should be listed. Each author should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content. One or more authors should take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, from inception to published article.
1.3. Authorship credit should be based only on:
1) substantial contributions to process, development of concepts, or acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data or literature;
2) drafting the article or revising or reviewing it critically for important intellectual content; and
3) final approval of the version to be published.
Conditions 1, 2, and 3 must all be met. Acquisition of funding, the collection of data, or general supervision of the working or research group, by themselves, do not justify authorship.
1.4. Authors should provide a description of what each contributed. All others who contributed to the work who are not authors should be named in the Acknowledgments, and what they did
should be described. (see below)
1.5. Where appropriate, authorship should also be attributed to the respective working group. All participants in that group who are named as authors should fully meet the above criteria for authorship. Group participants who do not meet these criteria should be listed, with their permission, in the Acknowledgments or in an appendix.
1.6. For documents developed by Brighton Collaboration participants, authorship will be determined by the respective Brighton Collaboration working group that produces the work and drafts the text. For manuscripts different from a Brighton document (e.g., manuscripts resulting from research projects initiated by a Brighton Collaboration Working Group), participants with significant contribution are to be named individually as authors.
1.7. The authors should determine the order of authorship. Primary authorship is determined by assessing the actual contributions in the conception, planning, and execution of the work. Sequencing of secondary authorship is determined by weighing the magnitude and salience of the input of the authors. Authors should be prepared to explain the order in which authors are listed. The order of authorship is decided as the paper is written. Challenges that may be encountered in determining authorship include:
(i) changes in original assignments, circumstances, or contributions;
(ii) increased numbers of participants including consultants;
(iii) collaborators requesting authorship as the price for using their data;
(iv) participants that fail to contribute as agreed;
(v) supervisors, chiefs, or chairs demanding authorship by virtue of their positions. The identified coordinator and team leader of the work in question will resolve authorship challenges.
- Acknowledgments
2.1. Individuals deserve recognition in the acknowledgements that have assisted the work by
their encouragement and advice, review of draft documents, or editorial assistance. This includes in particular members of the steering committee, who are to be named individually in that capacity and by affiliation as well as participants in a working group, who contributed to a lesser degree to the development of a respective document or manuscript. The reference group is to be acknowledged as a group and a link to the Brighton website provided for further detail on its participants.
2.2. Acknowledgement is also given for technical assistance and support or service personnel such as statistical assistants, photographers, illustrators, librarians, and substantial logistical or
computer programming support, and for financial support.
2.3. The Brighton Collaboration as such or the respective working group is to be acknowledged in manuscripts different from a Brighton document (e.g., manuscripts resulting from research projects initiated by a Brighton Collaboration Working Group).
- Citations and References
3.1. Quoting from publications requires a reference to the original work. The use of another’s ideas, words, data, or analysis, or a reference to a precedent, must be cited in a way that others may find the originator or the contribution.1
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1International Committee of Medical Journal Editors; Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to
Biomedical Journals; http://www.icmje.org/# author
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